Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue on TiO2 Thin Films Impregnated with Anderson-Evans Al-Polyoxometalates: Experimental and DFT Study.

In this work, we fabricated a TiO2 thin film, and the same film was modified with an Anderson aluminum polyoxometalate (TiO2-AlPOM). Physical-chemical characterization of the catalysts showed a significant change in morphological and optical properties of the TiO2 thin films after surface modification. We applied the kinetic and isothermal models to the methylene blue (MB) adsorption process on both catalysts. The pseudo-second order model was the best fitting model for the kinetic results; qe (mg/g) was 11.9 for TiO2 thin films and 14.6 for TiO2-AlPOM thin films, and k2 (g mg-1 min-1) was 16.3 × 10-2 for TiO2 thin films and 28.2 × 10-2 for TiO2-AlPOM thin films. Furthermore, the Freundlich model was suitable to describe the isothermal behavior of TiO2, KF (5.42 mg/g), and 1/n (0.312). The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation was fitted using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model; kap was 7 × 10-4 min-1 for TiO2 and 13 × 10-4 min-1 for TiO2-AlPOM. The comparative study showed that TiO2 thin films reach a 19.6% MB degradation under UV irradiation and 9.1% MB adsorption, while the TiO2-AlPOM thin films reach a 32.6% MB degradation and 12.2% MB adsorption on their surface. The surface modification improves the morphological, optical, and photocatalytic properties of the thin films. Finally, the DFT study supports all the previously shown results.

The dangerous link between coal dust exposure and DNA damage: unraveling the role of some of the chemical agents and oxidative stress.

Exposure to coal mining dust poses a substantial health hazard to individuals due to the complex mixture of components released during the extraction process. This study aimed to assess the oxidative potential of residual coal mining dust on human lymphocyte DNA and telomeres and to perform a chemical characterization of coal dust and urine samples. The study included 150 individuals exposed to coal dust for over ten years, along with 120 control individuals. The results revealed significantly higher levels of DNA damage in the exposed group, as indicated by the standard comet assay, and oxidative damage, as determined by the FPG-modified comet assay. Moreover, the exposed individuals exhibited significantly shorter telomeres compared to the control group, and a significant correlation was found between telomere length and oxidative DNA damage. Using the PIXE method on urine samples, significantly higher concentrations of sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and bromine (Br) were observed in the exposed group compared to the control group. Furthermore, men showed shorter telomeres, greater DNA damage, and higher concentrations of nickel (Ni), calcium (Ca), and chromium (Cr) compared to exposed women. Additionally, the study characterized the particles released into the environment through GC-MS analysis, identifying several compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as fluoranthene, naphthalene, anthracene, 7H-benzo[c]fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, and some alkyl derivatives. These findings underscore the significant health risks associated with exposure to coal mining dust, emphasizing the importance of further research and the implementation of regulatory measures to safeguard the health of individuals in affected populations.

Volatile Metabolites of Piper eriopodon (Miq.) C.DC. from Northern Region of Colombia and Assessment of In Vitro Bioactivities of the Leaf Essential Oil.

Piper eriopodon is one of the Piper species found in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and the species has been reported with different compositions of their essential oils (EO). In this study, the volatile fractions/essential oil (by HS-SPME/SDE/MWHD-GC-MS/1H-NMR) of different parts from the plant were characterized, and assessments of the in vitro bio-properties of the leaf EO were conducted. The results indicated the following: (i) in the volatile fractions were ß-caryophyllene (~23%)/myrcene (~20%) (inflorescences) and ß-caryophyllene (~43%)/ß-selinene (~20%) (leaves) using HS-SPME; myrcene (~31%)/ß-pinene (~23%) (inflorescences), gibbilimbol B (~60%) (fruits) and gibbilimbol B (~46%)/ß-caryophyllene (~11%) (leaves) through SDE; (ii) leaf EO contained gibbilimbol B (~72%), confirmed with 1H-NMR; (iii) the cytotoxic values (µg/mL) in erythrocytes/lymphocytes/Hep-2 were HC50: 115 ± 3 (eryth.), LC50: 71 ± 4 (lymph.) and LC50: 33 ± 2 (cell-line); (iv) the antibacterial susceptibilities (ϕ inh. zone, mm; 4-16 µg EO) were 22.5 ± 0.4-97 ± 4 (Staphylococcus aureus), 23 ± 2-77 ± 4 (Escherichia coli) and 17 ± 1-48 ± 3 (Listeria monocytogenes); (v) the TAA value was 2249 ± 130 mmol Trolox®/kg; (vi) the IC50 value was 13±1 µg/mL (AChE) with 20 ± 0-37 ± 6% repellency (2-4 h, Sitophilus zeamais). Thus, the EO of P. eriopodon leaves from northern Colombia could be a promising species for sustainable exploitation in the future due to its outstanding bioactivities.

Essential oils from Ocotea species: Chemical variety, biological activities and geographic availability.

This review describes the chemical composition and biological properties of essential oils from plants of the Ocotea genus, from different origin. This taxon belongs to the Laureaceae family, which in turn, is best known for medicinal use, often related to the essential oils. The text includes studies about Ocotea species distributed mainly on the South American continent, but also reporting species located in North America and Africa. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica and Ecuador are countries with highest number of species mentioned in the review. Also, the major components of each essential oil, its chemical structures, as well as the description and extent of biological activities related to essential oils are detailed in this review. Finally, the text discusses the chemical and biological aspects of these studies in a comparatively way, also informing additional data such as yield, biome of origin and pharmacobotanical location.

Potential antioxidant effect of fruit peels for human use from northern Peru, compared by 5 different methods / Potencial efecto antioxidante de las cáscaras de frutas para uso humano del norte de Perú, comparado por 5 métodos diferentes

The objective of the work was to determine the antioxidant potential in vitro of freeze-dried peel extracts of 20 fruits from the northern region of Peru through five tests (Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH., ABTS+., FRAP and CUPRAC). According to multivariate statistical analyzes, five groups were found: (i.) peel extracts with the highest values of antioxidant capacity (AC) from custard apple, and star fruit; (ii.) rind extracts with high AC values from quince, sweet granadilla, guava, and black grape; (iii.) husk extracts with middle values of AC from passion fruit, and red mombin; (iv.) shell extracts with low AC values from tangerine, mandarine, and bitter orange; and, (v.) coating extracts with the lowest AC values from pawpaw, red pawpaw, muskmelon, dragon fruit, yellow and red indian figs, pear, apple, and green grape. To conclude, the fruit lyophilized-husk extracts of custard apple, star fruit, quince, sweet granadilla, guava, and black grape obtained the best AC.

El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el potencial antioxidante in vitro de extractos de cáscara liofilizada de 20 frutos de la región norte del Perú mediante cinco pruebas (Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH., ABTS+., FRAP y CUPRAC). Según análisis estadísticos multivariados, se encontraron cinco grupos: (i.) Extractos de piel con los valores más altos de capacidad antioxidante (CA) de chirimoya y carambola; (ii.) extractos de cáscara con altos valores de CA de membrillo, granadilla dulce, guayaba y uva negra; (iii.) extractos de cáscara con valores medios de CA de maracuyá y mombina roja; (iv.) extractos de cáscara con valores bajos de CA de mandarina, mandarina y naranja amarga; y (v.) recubrir extractos con los valores de CA más bajos de papaya, papaya roja, melón, fruta del dragón, higos indios amarillos y rojos, pera, manzana y uva verde. Para concluir, los extractos de cáscara liofilizada de chirimoya, carambola, membrillo, granadilla dulce, guayaba y uva negra obtuvieron el mejor CA.

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mechanics occupationally exposed to diesel engine exhaust.

Diesel engine exhaust (DEE), which is the product of diesel combustion, is considered carcinogenic in humans. It comprises toxic gases, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and particulate matter which can reach the pulmonary parenchyma and trigger various diseases, including cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of DEE exposure on peripheral blood and buccal epithelial cells in mechanics occupationally exposed to DEE. We recruited 120 exposed mechanics and 100 non-exposed control individuals. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of percentage of tail DNA and damage index (DI) in the alkaline comet assay; levels of biomarkers by cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt) assay; frequency of micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge (NPB), nuclear bud (NBUD) and apoptotic cells (APOP) and levels of biomarkers for micronucleus, karyorrhexis (KRX), karyolysis (KRL) and condensed chromatin (CC) by the buccal micronucleus cytome (BM-Cyt) assay. A significant and positive correlation was found between the frequency of MN in lymphocytes and buccal cells in the exposed group. Also, there was a significant correlation between age and percentage of tail DNA and DI in the comet assay, APOP and MN in the CBMN-Cyt assay and NBUD and MN in the BM-Cyt assay. Additionally, we found a positive and significant correlation of MN frequency in lymphocytes and buccal cells and age and MN frequency in lymphocytes with the time of service (years). Regarding lifestyle-related factors, a significant correlation was observed between meat and vitamin consumption and NBUD formation on CBMN-Cyt and between meat consumption and MN formation on CBMN-Cyt. Of the BM-Cyt biomarkers, there was a correlation between alcohol consumption and NBUD formation and between binucleated cell (BN), pyknosis (PYC), CC and KRL occurrence and family cancer history. These results are the first data in Colombia on the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by continuous exposure to DEE and thus showed the usefulness of biomarkers of the comet, CBMN-Cyt and BM-Cyt assays for human biomonitoring and evaluation of cancer risk in the exposed populations.

Evaluation of heavy crude oil from a water-oil model system as starting material for the preparation of adsorbents type NaY zeolite-templated carbon.

In this work, NaY zeolite is explored as a possible "template" to obtain porous materials type ZTC from the adsorption of heavy crude oil in a water-oil model system (emulsion). In order to produce the adsorbents, a cationic surfactant is selected to facilitate the adsorption of the crude oil into the pores of the zeolite and to get the composite, which was activated with controlled thermal treatments (T: 700-800 °C and t: 0.5-1 h) in inert conditions (N2 gaseous). The starting materials, composite and porous carbons were characterized using structural/surface analysis techniques (API Gravity, SARA, IR, XRD, XRF, TGA, Langmuir isotherms, BET and SEM). The results showed that four types of mesoporous carbons were produced with specific surface areas between 70 ± 1 m2/g and 220 ± 3 m2/g, average pore volumes between 0.144 cm3/g and 0.40 cm3/g and average pore widths between 4.9 nm and 8.3 nm. The activation conditions of 800 °C and 1 h allowed to make the carbonaceous material with the best surface characteristics (220 ± 3 m2/g, 0.27 cm3/g, and 4.9 nm). Therefore, it is concluded that under assay conditions employed, the heavy crude oil, as a mixed model (water-oil), from an aqueous environment is a starting material suitable for preparation of "mesoporous" carbons.

Kinetic study of the quenching of singlet oxygen by naringin isolated from peels of the fruit of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium I)

Introduction: antioxidant activity is the capacity of a substance to inhibit oxidative degradation, mainly through its ability to react with both radical and non-radical species (e.g. singlet oxygen). Interest by scientific communities in the study of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds has increased in recent years, due to their possible applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Objective: estimate the antioxidant capacity of naringin against singlet oxygen using the rubrene method. Methods: naringin was isolated from peels of the fruit of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) and characterized using several spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis and FTIR). The global rate constant for the reaction of 1O2 with naringin was determined with the Stern-Volmer plot derived from a stationary kinetic state based on the competition reaction with rubrene. Results: results showed that naringin acted as singlet oxygen quenching agent with a global rate constant of 2.1 x 107 M-1s-1 (derived from the linear relationship of Stern-Volmer). Conclusion: the kinetic study conducted suggests that naringin could be used as a singlet oxygen quenching agent in biological systems to protect them from oxidative damage(AU)

Introducción: la actividad antioxidante es la capacidad de una sustancia para inhibir la degradación oxidativa y actúa principalmente a través de su capacidad para reaccionar con las especies de radicales y no radicales (por ejemplo, oxígeno singulete). En los últimos años, se han incrementado el interés de las comunidades científicas en el estudio de la capacidad antioxidante de los compuestos naturales debido a sus posibles aplicaciones en la industria farmacéutica, cosmética y alimentaria. Objetivo: estimar la capacidad antioxidante de la naringina contra el oxígeno singulete usando el método de rubreno. Métodos: la naringina se aisló de cáscaras del fruto de la naranja agria (Citrus aurantium) y se caracterizó por algunas técnicas espectroscópicas (UV-Vis y FT-IR). La constante de velocidad global para la reacción de 1O2 con la naringina se determinó por medio del gráfico de Stern-Volmer derivado de una cinética en estado estacionario basada en la reacción de competición con el rubreno. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que la naringina actuó como un quenching del oxígeno singulete con una constante de velocidad global de 2.1 x 10 7 M-1s-1 (derivado de la relación lineal de Stern-Volmer). Conclusión: el estudio cinético sugiere que la naringina se podría utilizar como un quenching del oxígeno singulete en sistemas biológicos y protegerlos del daño oxidativo(AU)

Citotoxicidad/capacidad antiradicalaria in-vitro y caracterización estructural por GC-MS/1H-13C-RMN de los aceites esenciales de hojas de árboles joven/adulto de annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal de Repelón (Atlántico, Colombia) / [in-vitro Cytotoxicity/Anti-Radical Capability and structural characterization by GC-MS/1H13C-NMR of theleaves essential oils of young/old trees of Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal from Repelón (Atlántico,Colombia]

Annona purpurea es una planta empleada en etnomedicina, en la región norte de Colombia, que no tiene reportes científicos relacionados con la composición de su AE y sus actividades biológicas. En este trabajo, los AE de hojas de árboles joven/adulto se caracterizaron por GC-MS y RMN y se evaluaron sus propiedades antiradicalarias/citotóxicas. Los AE de hojas de árboles joven/adulto estuvieron representados por beta-eudesmol (68.9 por ciento) y alfa-eudesmol (16.8 por ciento), y germacreno D (55.6 por ciento) y biciclogermacreno (20.3 por ciento), respectivamente. El análisis por RMN mostró las señales distintivas de los constituyentes mayoritarios identificados. Los valores de TAA (mmol Trolox®/kg SE) obtenidos por los AE de árboles joven/adulto fueron 165 +/- 8 y 602 +/- 38. Los AE de árboles joven/adulto evaluados sobre linfocitos humanos fueron “moderadamente tóxicos” con valores de CL50 (ug/mL) de 145.5 +/- 0.7 y 346 +/- 8. Finalmente, la citotoxicidad en eritrocitos humanos reveló que el AE de árbol adulto no fue hemolítico (CL50 > 1000 μg/mL, 4.3 +/- 0.6 por ciento); mientras que, el AE de árbol joven fue hemolítico (CL50 490 +/- 48 ug/mL).

Annona purpurea is a plant used in ethnomedicine in the northern region of Colombia, which has no scientific reports on the composition of their essential oil (EO) and biological activities. In this work, the leaves EO of young/old trees were characterized by GC- MS and NMR, and their antiradical/cytotoxic properties were evaluated. beta-Eudesmol (68.9 percent) and alpha-eudesmol (16.8 percent), and germacrene D (55.6 percent) and bicyclogermacrene (20.3 percent), were the representative compounds of the leaves EO of young/old trees, respectively. The NMR analysis showed the distinctive signals of the main constituents identified. The TAA values (mmol Trolox®/kg ES) obtained from the EO of young/old trees were 165 +/- 8 and 602 +/- 38. The EO of young/old trees evaluated on human lymphocytes were “moderately toxic” with LC50 (μg/mL) of 145.5 +/- 0.7 and 346 +/- 8. Finally, the cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes revealed that the old tree EO was not haemolytic (LC50 > 1000 ug/mL, 4.3 +/- 0.6 percent); while the young tree EO was hemolytic (LC50 490 +/- 48 ug/mL).

Estudio químico-biológico de los aceites esenciales de Croton malambo H. Karst y su componente mayoritario, metileugenol / Chemical-biological study of the essential oils from Croton malambo H. Karst.and their major component, methyleugenol

Croton malambo is a plant used in traditional medicine, in Colombia. The aim of this research was to characterize the essential oils (EO) from leaves and branches by GC-MS, NMR and determine the antiradical capacities and the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic properties of the EO, methyleugenol (ME) and eugenol (EU). The EO of leaves and branches of C. malambo presented to ME as the main constituent (68.5 percent and 85.1 percent, respectively) and their structure was confirmed by NMR. On the other hands, the antiradical capacities (ABTS+. method) of the EO and ME were very low, obtaining only inhibition values at a fixed concentration: to 2045 ug/mL – 50 +/- 2 percent (leaves EO) and 28 +/- 1 percent (branches EO); and, 2218 ug/mL - 2.0 +/- 0.2 percent (ME). While EU had the highest value of TAA (14003 +/- 719 mmol Trolox®/kg SE). According to lymphocytes citotoxicity test, all tested substances were classified as “moderately toxic”, with values of LC50 between 310 +/- 17 – 897 +/- 11 ug/mL, being the EO the most toxic. The assessment of the toxicity in Zebra fish embryos indicated that LC50 of the branches EO, ME and EU were between 16 +/- 9 – 43 +/- 9 ug/mL, being the EU the most toxic.

Croton malambo es una planta empleada en medicina tradicional, en Colombia. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar los aceites esenciales (AE) de hojas y ramas por GC-MS, RMN y determinar las capacidades antiradicalarias y las propiedades citotóxicas in vitro e in vivo de los AE, metileugenol (ME) y eugenol (EU). Los AE de hojas y ramas de Croton malambo presentaron a ME como el constituyente principal (68.5 por ciento y 85.1 por ciento, respectivamente) y su estructura fue confirmada por RMN. Por otro lado, las capacidades antiradicalarias (método ABTS+.) de los AE y ME fueron muy bajas, obteniéndose sólo valores de inhibición a una concentración fija: a 2045 ug/mL – 50 +/- 2 por ciento (AE de hojas) y 28 +/- 1 por ciento (AE de ramas); y, 2218 ug/mL - 2.0 +/- 0.2 por ciento (ME). Mientras que, EU tuvo el mayor valor de TAA (14003 +/- 719 mmol Trolox®/kg SE). Según el ensayo de citotoxicidad en linfocitos, todas las sustancias evaluadas se catalogaron como “moderadamente tóxicas”, con valores de CL50 entre 310 +/- 17 – 897 +/- 11 ug/mL, siendo los AE los más tóxicos. La estimación de la toxicidad en embriones del pez Cebra indicó que las CL50 del AE ramas, ME y EU estuvieron entre 16 +/- 9 – 43 +/- 9 ug/mL, siendo el EU el más tóxico.

Componentes volátiles de Eriope crassipes, Hyptis conferta, H. dilatata, H. brachiata, H. suaveolens y H. mutabilis (Lamiaceae) / Volatile compounds of analysis of Eriope crassipes, Hyptis conferta, H. dilatata, H. brachiata, H. suaveolens y H. mutabilis (Lamiaceae)

This work presents the analysis by GC-MS of volatile metabolites of six Lamiaceae from Arauca (Colombia). In stems and leaves of Eriope crassipes were determined as the most abundants: citronellic acid (53,8 percent and 66,2 percent), and methyl citronellate (15,7 percent and 14,5 percent). In the inflorescences of Hyptis conferta were identified: t-cadinol (49,4 percent), and caryophyllene oxide (13,0 percent). From leaves and flowers of Hyptis dilatata were found: delta-3-carene (11,0 percent and 0,5 por ciento), camphor (43,8 percent and 12,2 percent), bornyl acetate (3,2 percent and 25,5 percent), E-caryophyllene (12,8 percent and 22,3 percent), and palustrol (6,0 percent and 10,3 percent). In the leaves of Hyptis brachiata were recognized: E-caryophyllene (8,3 percent), alpha-humulene (19,8 percent), and germacrene D (13,0 percent). The principal compounds in leaves and flowers of Hyptis suaveolens were: alpha-phellandrene (9,4 percent and 0,4 percent), limonene (10,5 percent and 2,5 percent), 1,8-cineole (1,3 percent and 15,2 por ciento), fenchone (10,8 por ciento and tr), E-caryophyllene (26,3 por ciento and 8,0 por ciento), and germacrene D (6,7 por ciento and 14,0 por ciento). In the leaves of Hyptis mutabilis were determined: sabinene (6,6 percent) beta-elemene (6,8 percent), germacrene D (14,9 percent), beta-selinene (8,8 percent), alpha-selinene (9,1 percent), and bicyclogermacrene (6,1 percent), as the most abundants.

Este trabajo presenta el análisis por GC-MS de los metabolitos volátiles de seis Lamiaceae recolectadas en Arauca (Colombia). En tallos y hojas de Eriope crassipes se determinaron como mayoritarios: ácido citronélico (53,8 por ciento y 66,2 por ciento), y citronelato de metilo (15,7 por ciento y 14,5 por ciento). En las inflorescencias de Hyptis conferta se identificaron: t-cadinol (49,4 por ciento), y óxido de cariofileno (13,0 por ciento). En hojas y flores de Hyptis dilatata se encontraron: delta-3-careno (11,0 por ciento y 0,5 por ciento), alcanfor (43,8 por ciento y 12,2 por ciento), acetato de bornilo (3,2 por ciento y 25,5 por ciento), E-cariofileno (12,8 por ciento y 22,3 por ciento), y palustrol (6,0 por ciento y 10,3 por ciento). En las hojas de Hyptis brachiata se reconocieron: E-cariofileno (8,3 por ciento), alfa-humuleno (19,8 por ciento), y germacreno D (13,0 por ciento). Los compuestos principales en hojas y flores de Hyptis suaveolens fueron: alfa-felandreno (9,4 por ciento y 0,4 por ciento), limoneno (10,5 por ciento y 2,5 por ciento), 1,8-cineol (1,3 por ciento y 15,2 por ciento), fenchona (10,8 por ciento y tr), E-cariofileno (26,3 por ciento y 8,0 por ciento), y germacreno D (6,7 por ciento y 14,0 por ciento). En las hojas de Hyptis mutabilis se determinaron: sabineno (6,6 por ciento), beta-elemeno (6,8 por ciento), germacreno D (14,9 por ciento), beta-selineno (8,8 por ciento), alfa-selineno (9,1 por ciento), y biciclogermacreno (6,1 por ciento), como los más abundantes.

Análisis multivariable y variabilidad química de los metabolitos volátiles presentes en las partes aéreas y la resina de Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch. de Soledad (Atlántico, Colombia) / Multivariate analysis and chemical variability of the volatile metabolites present in the aerial parts and the resin of Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch from Soledad (Atlántico, Colombia)

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical compositions of the volatile fractions from the immature fruits, leaves, branches, stem bark and resin of Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch. by SDE-GC/MS and their relationship through the multivariate statistical analysis. The most abundant constituents found in the volatile fractions were: (a). Fruits – 3-hydroxy-mint furanone (6.7 percent), mint furanone (6.4 percent), carvone (5.3 percent), limonene (4.2 percent), trans-carveol (4.1), limonene-1,2-diol (3.8 percent), limonene dioxide derivative (3.7 percent), 2-hydroperoxide-2S,4R-p-mentha-6,8-diene (3.4 percent) and caryophyllene oxide (3.0 percent); (b). Leaves – germacrene D (20.7 percent), -caryophyllene (18.0 percent), viridiflorol (8.0 percent), limonene (6.6 percent), linalool (6.5 percent) and dendrolasin (5.3 percent); (c). Branches – mint furanone (43.9 percent), iso-mint furanone (6.8 percent), 3-hydroxy mint furanone (6.2 percent); (d.) Stem bark – mint furanone (44.6 percent), 3-hydroxy-mint furanone (16.2 percent), iso-mint furanone (6.4 percent); and, (e.) Resin – limonene (23.2 percent), mint furanone (15.9 percent), mint furanone derivative (14.8 percent), pulegone (12.1 percent), 3-hydroxy-mint furanone (8.6 percent), and menthofuran (6.2 percent). The principal component analysis (70 percent of related information) and cluster analysis applied to the data allowed to find 3 groups: I. – fruits; II. – leaves; and, III. – resin, stem bark and branches; the latter group showed a close compositional relationship. Thus, the volatile fractions in the branches and stem bark were represented by benzofuranoids compounds (60-69 percent); in the leaves by sesquiterpenoids (60 percent); in the fruits by monoterpenoids (54 percent); and, in the resin by benzofuranoids (48 percent) and monoterpenoids (42 percent).

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las composiciones químicas de las fracciones volátiles de los frutos inmaduros, hojas, ramas, corteza del tallo y resina de Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch. mediante SDE-GC/MS y su relación a través de análisis estadístico multivariable. Los constituyentes más abundantes encontrados en las fracciones volátiles fueron: (a). Frutos – 3-hidroxi-mentofuranona (6.7 por ciento), mentofuranona (6.4 por ciento), carvona (5.3 por ciento), limoneno (4.2 por ciento), trans-carveol (4.1 por ciento), limonen-1,2-diol (3.8 por ciento), derivado de dióxido de limoneno (3.7 por ciento), 2-hidroperóxido-2S,4R-p-menta-6,8-dieno (3.4 por ciento) y óxido de cariofileno (3.0 por ciento); (b). Hojas – germacreno D (20.7 por ciento), trans--cariofileno (18.0 por ciento), viridiflorol (8.0 por ciento), limoneno (6.6 por ciento), linalol (6.5 por ciento) y dendrolasina (5.3 por ciento); (c). Ramas – mentofuranona (43.9 por ciento), iso-mentofuranona (6.8 por ciento), 3-hidroxi-mentofuranona (6.2 por ciento); (d.) Corteza del tallo – mentofuranona (44.6 por ciento), 3-hidroxi-mentofuranona (16.2 por ciento), iso-mentofuranona (6.4 por ciento); y, (e.) Resina – limoneno (23.2 por ciento), mentofuranona (15.9 por ciento), mentofuranona derivado (14.8 por ciento), pulegona (12.1 por ciento), 3-hidroxi-mentofuranona (8.6 por ciento) y mentofurano (6.2 por ciento). El análisis de componentes principales (70 por ciento de información relacionada) y de conglomerado, aplicado a los datos permitió encontrar 3 grupos: I. – frutos; II. – hojas; y, III. – resina, corteza del tallo y ramas; este último grupo mostró estrecha relación composicional. Así, las fracciones volátiles estuvieron representadas por compuestos benzofuranoides (60-69 por ciento) en las ramas y corteza del tallo; por sesquiterpenoides (60 por ciento) en las hojas; por monoterpenoides (54 por ciento) en los frutos; y, por benzofuranoides (48 por ciento) y monoterpenoides...

Metabolitos volátiles presentes en Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. colectado en Tame (Arauca - Colombia) / Volatil metabolites of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. from Tame (Arauca-Colombia)

This paper reports the identification of volatile components of the leaves, flowers, resin of the stem, and bark of the branches of the tree Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. collected from East Plains, Orinoquia, Colombia. The main constituents identified by GC-MS in the volatile fraction of the leaves were guaiol (14,4 percent), alpha-copaene (8,6 percent), 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (8,1 percent), beta-cariophyllene (5,7 percent), and gamma-cadinene (5,4 percent). Germacrene D (13,9 percent), germacrene B (13,4 percent), bicyclogermacrene (11,8 percent), and limonene (8,3 percent) were determined in the flowers, while p-cymene (30,1 percent), alpha-pinene (22,1 percent), and limonene (14,4 percent) were identified in the resin; finally, germacrene D (27,7 percent), 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (7,9 percent), guaiol (7,4 percent), and gamma-cadinene (6,9 percent) were found in the bark. The analysis of the resin showed a high percent of monoterpenes (- 60 percent); while the leaves presented a high content of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (- 60 percent); flowers and bark showed a high composition of sesquiterpenes (40-50 percent).

En este trabajo se reporta la identificación de los componentes volátiles de hojas, flores, resina del tallo y corteza de las ramas del árbol Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. recolectado en los Llanos Orientales, Orinoquía, Colombia. Los constituyentes mayoritarios identificados por GC-MS en la fracción volátil de las hojas fueron guaiol (14,4 por ciento), alfa-copaeno (8,6 por ciento), 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (8,1 por ciento), trans-beta-cariofileno (5,7 por ciento) gamma -cadineno (5,4 por ciento). Germacreno D (13,9 por ciento), germacreno B (13,4 por ciento), biciclogermacreno (11,8 por ciento) y limoneno (8,3 por ciento) se determinaron en las flores, mientras que, p-cimeno (30,1 por ciento), alfa-pineno (22,1 por ciento) y limoneno (14,4 por ciento) se identificaron en la resina; finalmente, germacreno D (27,7 por ciento), 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (7,9 por ciento), guaiol (7,4 por ciento) gamma -cadineno (6,9 por ciento) se encontraron en la corteza. El análisis de la resina mostró un alto porcentaje de monoterpenos (- 60 por ciento); mientras que, las hojas presentaron una alta proporción de sesquiterpenos oxigenados (- 60 por ciento); las flores y la corteza mostraron una alta composición de sesquiterpenos (40-50 por ciento).

Caracterización química de las fracciones volátiles y aceites esenciales de hojas y flores de Chromolaena barranquillensis encontrada en Sabanalarga (Atlántico, Colombia) / Chemical characterization of the volatile fractions and essential oils of leaves and flowers of Chromolaena barranquillensis from Sabanalarga (Atlántico, Colombia)

Volatile secondary metabolites obtained from the leaves and flowers (fresh and dried) of Chromolaena barranquillensis (native specie of the Departamento del Atlántico), and isolated by simultaneous-distillation extraction (SDE) and conventional hydrodistillation (HD), were characterized chemically by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main compounds identified in the volatile fractions were: (a). fresh flowers – beta - elemene (24.4 percent), a-pinene (19.6 percent), and limonene (15.7 percent); (b). dried flowers – beta-caryophyllene (21.4 percent), germacrene D (16.6 percent), and caryophyllene oxide (13.6 percent); (c). Fresh leaves – myrcene (39.0 percent), y-curcumene (17.8 percent), and limonene (10.2 percent); and, (d). Dried leaves – beta-caryophyllene (13.8 percent), -curcumene (9.8 percent), beta-elemene (7.7 percent), and caryophyllene oxide (6.4 percent). In the essential oils (EO) were recognized as major components: (e). Fresh flowers – beta-caryophyllene (22.9 percent), beta-elemene (14.3 percent), and germacrene D (14.0 percent); (f). Dried flowers – beta-caryophyllene (23.6 percent), -elemene (20.6 percent), and germacrene D (15.8 percent); (g). Fresh leaves – beta-caryophyllene (22.0 percent), limonene (11.8 percent), -cadinene (6.8 percent), and germacrene D (6.1 percent); and, (h). Dried leaves – beta-caryophyllene (29.1 percent), germacrene D (13.1 percent), and caryophyllene oxide (12.0 percent). The yields achieved in the isolation of EO were 0.2 percent/0.4 percent and 0.06 percent/0.1 percent for fresh/dried flowers and fresh/dried leaves, respectively.

Los metabolitos secundarios volátiles obtenidos de hojas y flores (frescas y secas) de Chromolaena barranquillensis (especie nativa del departamento del Atlántico), aislados por destilación-extracción simultánea con solvente (SDE) e hidrodestilación convencional (HD), se caracterizaron químicamente por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Los compuestos mayoritarios que se identificaron en las fracciones volátiles fueron: (a). flores frescas – beta-elemeno (24.4 por ciento), a-pineno (19.6 por ciento) y limoneno (15.7 por ciento); (b). Flores secas – trans-beta-cariofileno (21.4 por ciento), germacreno D (16.6 por ciento) y óxido de cariofileno (13.6 por ciento); (c). Hojas frescas – beta-mirceno (39.0 por ciento), y-curcumeno (17.8 por ciento) y limoneno (10.2 por ciento); y, (d). Hojas secas – trans-beta-cariofileno (13.8 por ciento), y-curcumeno (9.8 por ciento), beta-elemeno (7.7 por ciento) y óxido de cariofileno (6.4 por ciento). En los aceites esenciales (AE) se reconocieron como componentes principales: (e). Flores frescas – trans-beta-cariofileno (22.9 por ciento), beta-elemeno (14.3 por ciento) y germacreno D (14.0 por ciento); (f). Flores secas – trans-beta-cariofileno (23.6 por ciento), beta-elemeno (20.6 por ciento) y germacreno D (15.8 por ciento); (g). Hojas frescas – trans-beta-cariofileno (22.0 por ciento), limoneno (11.8 por ciento), -cadineno (6.8 por ciento) y germacreno D (6.1 por ciento); y, (h). Hojas secas – trans-beta-cariofileno (29.1 por ciento), germacreno D (13.1 por ciento) y óxido de cariofileno (12.0 por ciento). Los rendimientos alcanzados en el aislamiento de los AE fueron 0.2 por ciento/0.4 por ciento y 0.06 por ciento/0.1 por ciento para las flores frescas/secas y hojas frescas/secas, respectivamente.

Composición y capacidad antioxidante in-vitro de aceites esenciales ricos en Timol, Carvacrol, trans-Anetol o Estragol / Composition and in-vitro antioxidant capacity of essential oils rich in Thymol, Carvacrol, trans-Anethole or Estragole

Se determinó por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) la composición química de aceites esenciales (AE), aislados por hidrodestilación asistida por la radiación de microondas (MWHD), de las especies vegetales aromáticas Artemisia dracunculus, Foeniculum vulgare, Illicium verum, Lippia micromera, Lippia origanoides, Ocimum sp., Plectranthus amboinicus, Tagetes filifolia, Tagetes lucida y Thymus vulgaris. Los valores de capacidades antioxidantes in vitro de estos aceites esenciales, se obtuvieron usando los ensayos de decoloración del catión-radical ABTS+• (metodologías convencional y con dilución en microplacas) y la oxidación del ácido linoleico, inducida por O2 y Fe+2. El potencial inhibitorio de ABTS+• fue más alto para los aceites esenciales que contienen fenoles (carvacrol y timol), que para los aceites esenciales ricos en éteres (trans-anetol y estragol). La actividad antioxidante mediante el ensayo ABTS+• modificado en orden decreciente fue: AE Plectranthus amboinicus ≥ AE Lippia origanoides >> AE Thymus vulgaris > AE Lippia micromera >>> AE Tagetes lucida (flores) > AE Ocimum sp. > AE Tagetes lucida (hojas) > AE Illicium verum > AE Tagetes filifolia (Cenivam) > AE Foeniculum vulgare.

Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the chemical composition of essential oils (EO) isolated by microwave-radiation-assisted hydrodistillation (MWHD) of Artemisia dracunculus, Foeniculum vulgare, Illicium verum, Lippia micromera, Lippia origanoides, Ocimum sp., Plectranthus amboinicus, Tagetes filifolia, Tagetes lucida and Thymus vulgaris. In vitro antioxidant capacity values using ABTS+• discoloration assays (traditional and microplate methods) and the linoleic acid oxidation (with O2 and Fe+2) of these essential oils were obtained. Essential oils with phenols (carvacrol and thymol) high content showed higher total antioxidant capacity values than the essential oils rich in ether compounds (estragole and trans-anethole). The antioxidant capacity using by modified ABTS+• assay in decreasing order was as follows: EO Plectranthus amboinicus ≥ EO Lippia origanoides >> EO Thymus vulgaris > EO Lippia micromera >>> EO Tagetes lucida (flowers) > EO Ocimum sp. > EO Tagetes lucida (leaf) > EO Illicium verum > EO Tagetes filifolia (Cenivam) > EO Foeniculum vulgare.